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Why does oxygen belong to period 2?
Period 2 elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon) obey the octet rule in that they need eight electrons to complete their valence shell (lithium and beryllium obey duet rule, boron is electron deficient.), where at most eight electrons can be accommodated: two in the 2s orbital and six in the 2p subshell.
What period and family is oxygen in?
The oxygen family, also called the chalcogens, consists of the elements found in Group 16 of the periodic table and is considered among the main group elements. It consists of the elements oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and polonium.
What is the group of oxygen in chemistry?
Group 16oxygen group element, also called chalcogen, any of the six chemical elements making up Group 16 (VIa) of the periodic classification—namely, oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and livermorium (Lv).
Are carbon and oxygen in the same period?
Both carbon and oxygen are the same period elements (period no. 2 in the modern periodic table).
What group is oxygen in and why?
Group 6A (or VIA) of the periodic table are the chalcogens: the nonmetals oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se), the metalloid tellurium (Te), and the metal polonium (Po).
What element is in Period 6 group 4?
Germanium (Ge, Z=32).
What element is in group 2 period 3?
magnesiumHence the name of the element is magnesium.
What element is in group 14 Period 2?
Carbon CSALIENT FEATURES OF GROUP 14 (CARBON FAMILY) ELEMENTSPeriodElementSymbol2CarbonC3SiliconSi4GermaniumGe5TinSn1 more row
What element is in Group 16 period 6?
Atomic and physicalZElementNo. of electrons/shell16Sulfur2, 8, 634Selenium2, 8, 18, 652Tellurium2, 8, 18, 18, 684Polonium2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 62 more rows
What is the carbon and oxygen cycle?
When they're exposed to light, green plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to manufacture living matter and release oxygen into the air. This process is called photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is produced through the respiration of animals and plants, which consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
How do you make an oxygen cycle?
Production of Oxygen During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, carbon dioxide to create energy and oxygen gas is liberated as a by-product of this process. Sunlight: Sunlight also produces oxygen. Some oxygen gas is produced when the sunlight reacts with water vapour in the atmosphere.
What is carbon dioxide and oxygen?
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed two oxygen atoms covalently bonded. to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in. Earth's atmosphere as a gas. Carbon dioxide is composed of one carbon atom covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms.
What family does carbon belong to?
Group 14 is the carbon family. The five members are carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. All of these elements have four electrons in their outermost energy level. Of the Group 14 elements, only carbon and silicon form bonds as nonmetals (sharing electrons covalently).
What are some characteristics of the oxygen family?
The oxygen group elements are also known as chalcogens. The elements are oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and livermorium (Li). This group contains non-metals and metalloids. Each element in this group has six valence electrons and have small atomic radii and large ionic radii.
What is the origin of oxygen?
Oxygen first appeared in the Earth's atmosphere around 2 billion years ago, accumulating from the photosynthesis of blue-green algae. Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen passes into the atmosphere and the hydrogen joins with carbon dioxide to produce biomass.
What do all elements in group 16 have in common?
The oxygen family consists of the elements that make up group 16 on the periodic table: oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. These elements all have six electrons in their outermost energy level, accounting for some common chemical properties among them.
Who discovered oxygen?
This was oxygen although it was not identified as such. The credit for discovering oxygen is now shared by three chemists: an Englishman, a Swede, and a Frenchman.
What is the oxygen that returns to the atmosphere?
The oxygen returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Oxygen gas is fairly soluble in water, which makes aerobic life in rivers, lakes and oceans possible. Natural abundance. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume.
What is the difference between oxygen and ozone?
Oxygen isn't only about the dioxygen molecules that sustain us. There is another form, trioxygen, also known as ozone and it's also pretty important in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, is responsible for filtering out harmful ultraviolet rays, but unfortunately, ozone is also pretty toxic. So it's bad news that tons of the gas are produced by the reactions between hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides churned out by cars every day. If only we could transplant the stuff, straight up into the stratosphere! Now ozone is normally spread so thinly in the air, that you can't see its pale blue colour and oxygen gas is colourless unless you liquefy it, but there is one place where you can see the gas in all its glory. The aurora or polar lights, where particles from the solar wind slam into oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere to produce the swirling green and red colours that have entranced humans for millennia.
What is the most abundant element in the atmosphere?
Oxygen accounts for about 23% of the atmosphere's mass with pairs of oxygen atoms stuck together to make dioxygen molecules, but it's not just in the air, we breathe. Overall, it's the most abundant element on the earth's surface and the third most abundant in the universe after hydrogen and helium. Our planet's rocks are about 46% oxygen by weight, much of it in the form of silicon dioxide, which we know most commonly as sand. And many of the metals we mine from the Earth's crust are also found as their oxides, aluminium in bauxite or iron in hematite, while carbonates such as limestone are also largely made of oxygen and the oceans are of course about 86% oxygen , connected to hydrogen as good old H 2 O, just about the most perfect solvent you can imagine for biochemistry.
How to get oxygen gas?
There are two key methods used to obtain oxygen gas. The first is by the distillation of liquid air. The second is to pass clean, dry air through a zeolite that absorbs nitrogen and leaves oxygen. A newer method, which gives oxygen of a higher purity, is to pass air over a partially permeable ceramic membrane.
What is oxygen gas used for?
Oxygen gas is used for oxy-acetylene welding and cutting of metals. A growing use is in the treatment of sewage and of effluent from industry. Biological role. Oxygen first appeared in the Earth’s atmosphere around 2 billion years ago, accumulating from the photosynthesis of blue-green algae.
How did cyanobacteria start their life?
Little did those humble cyanobacteria realize what they were doing when two and a half billion years ago, they started to build up their own reserves of energy-rich chemicals, by combining water and carbon dioxide. Powered by sunlight, they spent the next two billion years terraforming our entire planet with the waste products of their photosynthesis, a rather toxic gas called oxygen. In fact, those industrious bugs are ultimately responsible for the diversity of life, we see around us today.
Who discovered oxygen?
Oxygen was isolated by Michael Sendivogius before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Uppsala, in 1773 or earlier, and Joseph Priestley in Wiltshire, in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first.
How is oxygen gas produced?
Oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. A similar method is the electrocatalytic O. 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids.
What are the uses of oxygen?
Common uses of oxygen include production of steel, plastics and textiles, brazing, welding and cutting of steels and other metals, rocket propellant, oxygen therapy, and life support systems in aircraft, submarines, spaceflight and diving .
How do paleoclimatologists measure oxygen 18?
Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle ). Seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18, and this disparity increases at lower temperatures. During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate. Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.
How does photosynthesis release oxygen?
Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration, decay, and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate. Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O.
What is the energy that is released in combustion?
Dioxygen provides the energy released in combustion and aerobic cellular respiration, and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen atoms, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone.
How much oxygen is in freshwater?
At 25 °C and 1 standard atmosphere (101.3 kPa) of air, freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters (mL) of oxygen per liter, and seawater contains about 4.95 mL per liter. At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for water and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water.
Oxygen in Periodic table
Oxygen element is in group 16 and period 2 of the Periodic table. Oxygen is the p-block element and it belongs to chalcogens group.
Properties of Oxygen
The physical and chemical properties of oxygen element are mentioned below.
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Where is oxygen on the periodic table?
Oxygen is the 8 th element on the periodic table. It is located in period 2 and group 16. To find it, look toward the upper righthand top side of the table. Oxygen has the element symbol O.
Is oxygen a gas?
Oxygen is a colorless, diatomic gas in pure form at normal temperature and pressure. However, its liquid and solid state are blue. The solid changes color as temperature is lowered and pressure is increased, eventually becoming orange, red, black, and finally metallic.
When was oxygen first discovered?
Later, John Mayow (1668) proposed that there is a certain element termed as “nitoarial spirit” (for oxygen) present in air that is consumed in combustion and respiration. In 1774 , Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley independently discovered oxygen, and named it “fire air” and “dephlogisticated air”, respectively due to its role in combustion. The name oxygen originates from combination of two words, oxys and genes, that are Greek word for “acid forming”. The name was first proposed by Antoine Lavoisier [1].
Where did the word "oxygen" come from?
The name oxygen originates from combination of two words, oxys and genes, that are Greek word for “acid forming”. The name was first proposed by Antoine Lavoisier [1].
How many isotopes of oxygen are there?
Isotopes of Oxygen. There are three isotopes in naturally occurring oxygen: oxygen-16, oxygen, -17 and oxygen-18. These are stable isotopes of oxygen and oxygen-16 is the most abundant of all isotopes with a natural abundance of 99.76%. There are fourteen radioactive isotopes of oxygen [8].
Why are oxygen incubators not used?
The use of oxygen incubators for premature babies have been ceased due to toxic effect of high oxygen levels that led to blindness. Oxygen helps combustion, so concentrated sources of oxygen can be a potential risk of explosion or fire.
What is oxygen used for?
It is widely used in the manufacturing of various chemicals. Oxygen is widely used in making life support kits and storage for medical and recreational activities. Oxygen is used in making oxyacetylene for welding.
What is the most common compound of oxygen?
The most common compound of oxygen is water, which is an oxide of hydrogen. Oxygen has a high electronegativity. Oxygen is also present in the form of carbon dioxide in trace amount in the atmosphere. Oxygen compounds including various silicates (silicon-oxygen mineral) are abundantly present in the mantle and crust of the Earth.
How much oxygen is in the ocean?
Oxygen is a major component of the water bodies on Earth and constitutes around 88.8% by mass of oceans [3]. The production of free oxygen on Earth started around 3.5 billion years ago and lead to a gradual increase over the centuries.
How many elements are in period 2?
Period 2 only has two metals (lithium and beryllium) of eight elements, less than for any subsequent period both by number and by proportion.
What is period 2?
A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, ...
How many electrons are needed for a period 2?
Period 2 elements (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon) obey the octet rule in that they need eight electrons to complete their valence shell (lithium and beryllium obey duet rule, boron is electron deficient .), where at most eight electrons can be accommodated: two in the 2s orbital and six in the 2p subshell.
How many atoms are in boron?
Crystalline boron is a very hard, black material with a high melting point and exists in many polymorphs: Two rhombohedral forms, α-boron and β-boron containing 12 and 106.7 atoms in the rhombohedral unit cell respectively, and 50-atom tetragonal boron are the most common. Boron has a density of 2.34 −3.
Which element is the least reactive in period 2?
The elements in period 2 often have the most extreme properties in their respective groups; for example, fluorine is the most reactive halogen, neon is the most inert noble gas, and lithium is the least reactive alkali metal.
What is the second period?
The second period contains the elements lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and neon. In a quantum mechanical description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the second ( n = 2) shell, more specifically its 2s and 2p subshells.
Where does nitrogen come from?
Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms, and the nitrogen cycle describes movement of the element from air into the biosphere and organic compounds, then back into the atmosphere. Synthetically produced nitrates are key ingredients of industrial fertilizers, and also key pollutants in causing the eutrophication of water systems. Nitrogen is a constituent element of amino acids and thus of proteins, and of nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA ). It resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters, and is a defining component of alkaloids, biological molecules produced by many organisms.
Overview
Biological production and role of O2
In nature, free oxygen is produced by the light-driven splitting of water during oxygenic photosynthesis. According to some estimates, green algae and cyanobacteria in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants. Other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while …
History of study
One of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE Greek writer on mechanics, Philo of Byzantium. In his work Pneumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck. Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were abl…
Characteristics
At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas with the molecular formula O 2, referred to as dioxygen.
As dioxygen, two oxygen atoms are chemically bound to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the indivi…
Industrial production
One hundred million tonnes of O 2 are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods. The most common method is fractional distillation of liquefied air, with N 2 distilling as a vapor while O 2 is left as a liquid.
The other primary method of producing O 2 is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas strea…
Storage
Oxygen storage methods include high-pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid-oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions that need large volume…
Applications
Uptake of O 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration, so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders (congestive heart failure), some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pres…
Compounds
The oxidation state of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen. The oxidation state −1 is found in a few compounds such as peroxides. Compounds containing oxygen in other oxidation states are very uncommon: −1/2 (superoxides), −1/3 (ozonides), 0 (elemental, hypofluorous acid), +1/2 (dioxygenyl), +1 (dioxygen difluoride), and +2 (oxygen difluoride).
Water (H 2O) is an oxide of hydrogen and the most familiar oxygen compound. Hydrogen atoms are covalently …