Where is bismuth located on the periodic table?
Its symbol is Bi and it belongs to the group of metals in the p block and its usual state in nature is solid. Bismuth is located at position 83 on the periodic table.
Where is the actinide series located on the periodic table?
The Actinides. The Actinide series contains elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 and is the sixth group in the periodic table. The series is the row below the Lanthanide series, which is located underneath the main body of the periodic table. Lanthanide and Actinide Series are both referred to as Rare Earth Metals.
Where is ununoctium in the periodic table?
On the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of period 7
Where is arsenic located on the periodic table?
These are found in the periodic table along a diagonal line from Boron at the top left to round about polonium at the bottom right. Everything to the right of the line in the periodic table is a non-metal and everything to the left is a metal. The exact members of the group are open to debate but arsenic is always a member.
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What period is antimony in on the periodic table?
Period 5Fact boxGroup15630.628°C, 1167.13°F, 903.778 KPeriod51587°C, 2889°F, 1860 KBlockp6.68Atomic number51121.760State at 20°CSolid121Sb2 more rows
Is antimony a metal on the periodic table?
antimony (Sb), a metallic element belonging to the nitrogen group (Group 15 [Va] of the periodic table).
What antimony is used for?
Antimony is used to increase the hardness of alloys, with lead alloys for batteries, with lead/copper/tin alloys for machine bearings. It is also used in automotive clutch and brake parts. The other major use is as antimony trioxide which is used for the production of flame retardant chemicals.
What family is antimony in on the periodic table?
Antimony is a member of group 15 of the periodic table, one of the elements called pnictogens, and has an electronegativity of 2.05. In accordance with periodic trends, it is more electronegative than tin or bismuth, and less electronegative than tellurium or arsenic.
What are 3 interesting facts about antimony?
Word origin: Antimony was named after the Greek words anti and monos to mean “a metal not found alone.” The chemical symbol, Sb, comes from the element's historical name, stibium. Discovery: Antimony was a known metal in the 17th century and was likely used even earlier.
Is antimony rare or common?
Antimony is the 63rd-most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is less abundant than tin, arsenic and the rare earths, but more so than bismuth, mercury and silver. Antimony tends to concentrate in sulfide ores along with copper, lead and silver.
Is antimony toxic to humans?
Antimony (Sb) is a silver-white brittle solid or a dark-gray, lustrous powder. It can be harmful to the eyes and skin. Antimony can also cause problems with the lungs, heart, and stomach. Workers may be harmed from exposure to antimony and its compounds.
Is antimony used in mascara?
Antimony-containing stibnite, known as kohl, was used in ancient times as eyeliner and mascara. Antimony trioxide is used as an additive in flame retardants for items such as children's clothing and toys.
Is antimony found in the human body?
Antimony is distributed throughout the body with the highest concentrations in the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, red blood cells, liver, kidney, bone, spleen, and thyroid.
Is antimony a main group element?
These groups contain the most naturally abundant elements, comprise 80 percent of the earth's crust and are the most important for life. Economically the most produced chemicals are main group elements or their compounds....Group 15 (Nitrogen Group)Group15433 As551 Sb684 Bi7115 Uup3 more rows
What element is in group 4 Period 5?
The symbol of the element in Group 4 and Period 5 is Zr. It is the symbol of Zirconium. Was this answer helpful?
What are group 6 elements called?
Group 6A (or VIA) of the periodic table are the chalcogens: the nonmetals oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se), the metalloid tellurium (Te), and the metal polonium (Po). The name "chalcogen" means "ore former," derived from the Greek words chalcos ("ore") and -gen ("formation").
Is it a metal nonmetal or metalloid?
The metals are to the left of the line (except for hydrogen, which is a nonmetal), the nonmetals are to the right of the line, and the elements immediately adjacent to the line are the metalloids.
Is antimony a heavy metal?
ANZECC drinking water and sediment limits for some "heavy metals". Antimony is considered to be one of the most toxic of the heavy metals, and therefore has lower limits than other metals except cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg).
Is Sb a metal nonmetal or metalloid?
metalloidsArsenic (As) (Figure below) and antimony (Sb) are the metalloids in this group, and bismuth (Bi) is a metal. All group 15 elements have five valence electrons, but they vary in their reactivity.
Is bromine a metal?
35, bromine, is a fairly abundant element but has a rare property: it is the only nonmetal to exist in liquid form at room temperature, and one of only two elements (the other being mercury) that is liquid at room temperature and pressure.
What is the name of the element that hardens lead?
Antimony became widely used in Medieval times, mainly to harden lead for type, although some was taken medicinally as a laxative pill which could be reclaimed and re-used! Glossary. Atomic radius, non-bonded. Half of the distance between two unbonded atoms of the same element when the electrostatic forces are balanced.
What is density in science?
Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm 3 at room temperature. Relative atomic mass. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
What is the oxidation state of an atom?
The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. It is defined as being the charge that an atom would have if all bonds were ionic. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. The sum of the oxidation states within a compound or ion must equal the overall charge.
What is the measure of stiffness?
It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain.
What is recycling rate?
The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply.
What is the risk index for supply?
An integrated supply risk index from 1 (very low risk) to 10 (very high risk). This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores.
What pigment was found in the glaze of ornamental bricks at Babylon?
Another pigment known to the Chaldean civilization, which flourished in what is now southern Iraq in the 6 th and 7 th centuries BC, was yellow lead antimonite. This was found in the glaze of ornamental bricks at Babylon and date from the time of Nebuchadnezzar (604–561 BC).
How is antimony excreted?
Antimony is mainly excreted from the human body via urine. Antimony and its compounds do not cause acute human health effects, with the exception of antimony potassium tartrate ("tartar emetic"), a prodrug that is intentionally used to treat leishmaniasis patients.
What is antimony used for?
Antimony is used in bullets, bullet tracers, paint, glass art, and as an opacifier in enamel. Antimony-124 is used together with beryllium in neutron sources; the gamma rays emitted by antimony-124 initiate the photodisintegration of beryllium. The emitted neutrons have an average energy of 24 keV.
How is antimony trioxide formed?
Antimony trioxide is formed when antimony is burnt in air. In the gas phase, the molecule of the compound is Sb#N#4O#N#6, but it polymerizes upon condensing. Antimony pentoxide ( Sb#N#4O#N#10) can be formed only by oxidation with concentrated nitric acid. Antimony also forms a mixed-valence oxide, antimony tetroxide ( Sb#N#2O#N#4 ), which features both Sb (III) and Sb (V). Unlike oxides of phosphorus and arsenic, these oxides are amphoteric, do not form well-defined oxoacids, and react with acids to form antimony salts.
What is the Latin word for antimony?
The medieval Latin form, from which the modern languages and late Byzantine Greek take their names for antimony, is antimonium. The origin of this is uncertain; all suggestions have some difficulty either of form or interpretation. The popular etymology, from ἀντίμοναχός anti-monachos or French antimoine, still has adherents; this would mean "monk-killer", and is explained by many early alchemists being monks, and antimony being poisonous. However, the low toxicity of antimony (see below) makes this unlikely.
How much antimony is in the Earth's crust?
The abundance of antimony in the Earth 's crust is estimated to be 0.2 to 0.5 parts per million, comparable to thallium at 0.5 parts per million and silver at 0.07 ppm. Even though this element is not abundant, it is found in more than 100 mineral species.
What are antimony compounds?
Antimony compounds are prominent additives for chlorine and bromine-containing fire retardants found in many commercial and domestic products. An emerging application is the use of antimony in microelectronics .
How many allotropes of antimony are there?
Four allotropes of antimony are known: a stable metallic form and three metastable forms (explosive, black and yellow). Elemental antimony is a brittle, silver-white shiny metalloid. When slowly cooled, molten antimony crystallizes in a trigonal cell, isomorphic with the gray allotrope of arsenic.
What is antimony in Greek?
In Arabic language, it was named kohl. It was named antimonium in late Greek language. And was given the name antimoine in French which mean “monk-killer” as in early days the alchemists were monks, and antimony was poisonous [1]. The earliest description of this element was presented by Vannoccio Biringuccio in 1540.
What is the element Sb?
Antimony . Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl.
Why is antimony used in batteries?
Antimony is used to make useful alloys to increase mechanical strength and hardness . For instance, it is used in alloying of lead that is used in acid batteries to improve charging features.
How many isotopes of antimony are there?
Isotopes of Antimony. It has two stable isotopes, antimony-121 and antimony-123. These isotopes have almost same natural abundance, 57.36% (Sb-121) and 42.64% (Sb-123). There are thirty-five radioactive isotopes of antimony, and among them the most stable isotope is antimony-125 that has a half life of 2.75 years.
Where is antimony found?
Antimony is found in more than 100 types of minerals. In early days, China was the biggest producer of antimony, which supply around 84% of the world share. Other countries that have reservoirs of antimony include Tajikistan, Russia, South Africa and Bolivia.
Is antimony a carcinogen?
Antimony in its pure or elemental form is non-toxic. However, some compounds of antimony are toxic and are considered carcinogens. For instance, antimony trioxide in powdered form can lead to irritation of nose and throat when inhaled and can cause cancer.
Who first described the element Sb?
The earliest description of this element was presented by Vannoccio Biringuccio in 1540. Its symbol is Sb, which was given by Jakob Berzelius as an abbreviation for stibium [2].
Where can I buy Antimony?
Antimony metal can be purchased from Amazon and some specialty stores.
What is an explosive allotrope?
The explosive allotrope of antimony is a solid solution of antimony trichloride. It is extremely sensitive, and even a small scratch can trigger a destructive explosion. Electrochemist George Gore was the first to prepare explosive antimony in 1858. First, a concentrated solution of antimony trichloride goes through an electrolysis process in a solution of hydrochloric acid. In an electrolysis process, there has to be an anode and cathode; Antimony is the anode and either platinum or copper is the cathode. Then, antimony is deposited on the cathode, which can potentially lead to an explosion. If antimony scratches the platinum/copper surface, it will result in antimony converting into the more stable metallic allotrope via vaporization.
How many valence electrons does antimony have?
Antimony can react with almost all of the metals on the periodic table to form pnictides. Furthermore, all pnictogens have five valence electrons; two of these electrons are paired and exist in the s subshell, while the remaining three electrons exist in the p shell, unpaired. Antimony can either lose the three p electrons, resulting in a 3+ charge, or lose all five electrons to result in a 5+ charge. This element is also one of the heavier pnicogens but is very brittle and bad at conducting electricity.
How is antimony pentachloride formed?
Antimony pentachloride can be formed by combining chlorine gas with molten antimony trichloride.
Why is antimony added to lead?
Commonly, antimony is added to lead alloys to increase hardness. Lead-antimony alloys also make batteries with good electrical conductivity to enhance the recharging time and overall performance. These alloys also produce bullets that rival copper-jacketed bullets are so hard that they can go through armor.
What is the symbol for antimony?
Antimony’s symbol is Sb, which comes from “stibium”. Stibium originates from the Greek word “stibi”, meaning mark. This relates to how antimony was used to make black eye makeup.
How many allotropes of antimony are there?
There are four allotropes of antimony: one metallic form and three metastable forms. The metallic allotrope is stable, while the three metastable forms are unstable. The metastable forms present themselves as yellow, black, and explosive solids.
What is the reaction of stibnite to iron?
High-grade or enriched stibnite reacts directly with scrap iron in the molten state, liberating antimony metal. The metal can also be obtained by conversion of stibnite to the oxide, followed by reduction with carbon. Sodium sulfide solutions are effective leaching agents for the concentration of stibnite from ores.
Where is antimony found?
Small deposits of native metal have been found, but most antimony occurs in the form of more than 100 different minerals. The most important of these is stibnite, Sb 2 S 3. Small stibnite deposits are found in Algeria, Bolivia, China, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, and in parts of the Balkan Peninsula. Some economic value also attaches to kermesite (2Sb 2 S 3 · Sb 2 O 3 ), argentiferous tetrahedrite [ (Cu,Fe) 12 Sb 4 S 13 ], livingstonite (HgSb 4 S 7 ), and jamesonite (Pb 4 FeSb 6 S 14 ). Small amounts are also recoverable from the production of copper and lead. About half of all the antimony produced is reclaimed from scrap lead alloy from old batteries, to which antimony had been added to provide hardness.
What is antimony used for?
Highly purified antimony is used in semiconductor technology to prepare the intermetallic compounds indium, aluminum, and gallium antimonide for diodes and infrared detectors. Antimony compounds (especially the trioxide) are widely used as flame retardants in paints, plastics, rubber, and textiles.
When was antimony first used?
Fragments of a Chaldean vase made of antimony have been estimated to date from about 4000 bc. The Old Testament tells of Queen Jezebel using the naturally occurring sulfide of antimony to beautify her eyes. Pliny, during the 1st century ad, wrote ...
Is antimony a solid?
Antimony is a lustrous, silvery, bluish white solid that is very brittle and has a flaky texture. It occurs chiefly as the gray sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb 2 S 3 ). Stibnite, the primary mineral from which antimony is obtained; specimen from Prince William, New Brunswick, Canada.
How many elements are in the periodic table?
The periodic table is made up of 118 elements. How well do you know their symbols? In this quiz you’ll be shown all 118 chemical symbols, and you’ll need to choose the name of the chemical element that each one represents.
What is an encyclopedia editor?
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ...
How many electrons does neon have?
Neon is a chemical element with atomic number 10 which means there are 10 protons and 10 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Neon is Ne.
How many protons does phosphorus have?
Phosphorus is a chemical element with atomic number 15 which means there are 15 protons and 15 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Phosphorus is P.
How many protons does antimony have?
Antimony is a chemical element with atomic number 51 which means there are 51 protons and 51 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Antimony is Sb.
What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
It is the Pauli exclusion principle that requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. The ordering of the electrons in the ground state of multielectron atoms, starts with the lowest energy state (ground state) and moves progressively from there up the energy scale until each of the atom’s electrons has been assigned a unique set of quantum numbers. This fact has key implications for the building up of the periodic table of elements.
How are the chemical properties of a solid, liquid, gas, and plasma determined?
The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.
What is the lightest element on the periodic table?
With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.
What is the temperature of nitrogen?
Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.
Overview
Characteristics
Antimony is a member of group 15 of the periodic table, one of the elements called pnictogens, and has an electronegativity of 2.05. In accordance with periodic trends, it is more electronegative than tin or bismuth, and less electronegative than tellurium or arsenic. Antimony is stable in air at room temperature, but reacts with oxygen if heated to produce antimony trioxide, Sb2…
Compounds
Antimony compounds are often classified according to their oxidation state: Sb(III) and Sb(V). The +5 oxidation state is more stable.
Antimony trioxide is formed when antimony is burnt in air. In the gas phase, the molecule of the compound is Sb 4O 6, but it polymerizes upon condensing. Antimony pentoxide (Sb 4O 10) can be formed only by oxidation with concentr…
History
Antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3, was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic (kohl) as early as about 3100 BC, when the cosmetic palette was invented.
An artifact, said to be part of a vase, made of antimony dating to about 3000 BC was found at Telloh, Chaldea (part of present-day Iraq), and a copper object plat…
Production
The extraction of antimony from ores depends on the quality and composition of the ore. Most antimony is mined as the sulfide; lower-grade ores are concentrated by froth flotation, while higher-grade ores are heated to 500–600 °C, the temperature at which stibnite melts and separates from the gangue minerals. Antimony can be isolated from the crude antimony sulfide by reducti…
Applications
About 60% of antimony is consumed in flame retardants, and 20% is used in alloys for batteries, plain bearings, and solders.
Antimony is mainly used as the trioxide for flame-proofing compounds, always in combination with halogenated flame retardants except in halogen-containing polymers. The flame retarding effect of antimony trioxide is produced by the formation of halogenated antimony compounds, which r…
Precautions
The effects of antimony and its compounds on human and environmental health differ widely. Elemental antimony metal does not affect human and environmental health. Inhalation of antimony trioxide (and similar poorly soluble Sb(III) dust particles such as antimony dust) is considered harmful and suspected of causing cancer. However, these effects are only observed with female rats and after long-term exposure to high dust concentrations. The effects are hypot…
See also
• Phase change memory
Occurrence
Physical Characteristics
- Antimony is a shiny grey metalloid. It is a soft element and cannot be used to make hard objects, including coins. There are four allotropic forms of antimony three metastable forms: yellow, black and explosive, and one metallic form that is stable.
Chemical Characteristics
- At room temperature, antimony does not react with air, but when heated it reacts with oxygen to produce antimony trioxide. It does not react with acids. The most commo and stable oxidation state of antimony is +5. Antimony reacts with halogens and form halides with +3 and +5 oxidation states. It reacts with metals, such as silver and indium to form silver antimonide and indium anti…
Significance and Uses
- Antimony is used to make flame retardant compounds.
- Antimony is used to make useful alloys to increase mechanical strength and hardness. For instance, it is used in alloying of lead that is used in acid batteries to improve charging features.
- Antimony is used to make lead shot, bullets, electrical cables, and solders.
- Antimony is used to make flame retardant compounds.
- Antimony is used to make useful alloys to increase mechanical strength and hardness. For instance, it is used in alloying of lead that is used in acid batteries to improve charging features.
- Antimony is used to make lead shot, bullets, electrical cables, and solders.
- Antimony is used as a catalyst in industrial processes.
Health Hazards
- Antimony in its pure or elemental form is non-toxic. However, some compounds of antimony are toxic and are considered carcinogens. For instance, antimony trioxide in powdered form can lead to irritation of nose and throat when inhaled and can cause cancer. Prolonged dermal exposure to antimony dust can lead to damage and infection of the skin. A dose of 50mg/m3of antimony is f…
Isotopes of Antimony
- It has two stable isotopes, antimony-121 and antimony-123. These isotopes have almost same natural abundance, 57.36% (Sb-121) and 42.64% (Sb-123). There are thirty-five radioactive isotopes of antimony, and among them the most stable isotope is antimony-125 that has a half life of 2.75 years.