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Is bromine a metal or nonmetal or metalloid?
Bromine is the third halogen, being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table.
What is bromine used in?
The most well-known use of bromine is in making photographic films. Silver bromide is light-sensitive and is used to manufacture photography plates. Its microscopic particles when exposed to light, undergo a change as a result of chemical reaction.
Is bromine toxic to humans?
Signs and symptoms of poisoning include eye redness and lacrimation, nose and throat irritation, cough, and dyspnea. Ingestion of liquid bromine can cause abdominal pain and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with secondary shock.
Is bromine harmful to humans?
Bromine is corrosive to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapors irritate eyes and throat. Bromine vapors are very toxic with inhalation.
What products contain bromine?
Bromine products are well represented in such use areas as gasoline additives, flame retardants, agricultural chemicals, drilling fluids, photographic chemicals, sanitizers, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and others.
What food has bromine in it?
Grains, nuts, seafood and sea salt are significant dietary sources. Brominated flour is sometimes used for bread and other baked goods.
Why is bromine important to humans?
Bromine Is an Essential Trace Element for Assembly of Collagen IV Scaffolds in Tissue Development and Architecture.
What's so bad about bromine?
Bromine is hazardous, according to Lenntech. It is corrosive to human tissue in its liquid state, and it irritates eyes and the throat and is highly toxic when inhaled in a vapor state. Bromine damages many major organs, including the liver, kidneys, lungs, and stomach, and, in some cases, can cause cancer.
Where is bromine found?
The Dead Sea is comprised of 0.4% bromide ions [2]. The largest producers of bromine are China, USA and Israel. And it is widely extracted from pools of brine.
What are the physical characteristics of bromine?
Physical Characteristics. Bromine is liquid at room temperature. It is reddish brown in color. It has a very unpleasant, pungent and choking smell. It is the only non-metallic element that is present in liquid form at standard temperature and pressure.
What is the effect of bromine on the brain?
Ingestion of these salts in large quantities can lead to a condition termed as bromism. Bromism is a neurotoxic disturbance caused by effect of bromine on brain and it causes psychosis and unconsciousness. However, in minute quantities, bromine is also an essential trace element.
What is bromine used for?
Bromine is used as catalyst in the manufacturing process of organic chemicals. Various organo-bromo compounds, such as dibromoethane was used in the manufacturing of leaded gasoline. Organo-bromine compounds are also used to make fire extinguishers, sanitizers and in water purification.
How many radioactive isotopes are there in bromine?
There are two naturally occurring isotopes of bromine, bromine-79 and bromine-81, having a relative abundance of 51% and 49%. There are twenty-four radioactive isotopes of bromine, with mass number ranging from 68-94. The most stable radioactive isotope of bromine is bromine-77 [4].
When was bromine discovered?
Bromine was discovered independently by in 1826 and 1825 , respectively. Bromine was isolated from samples of spring water by Lowig, while Balard isolated bromine from seaweed ashes. The name bromine is a Greek word that means stench [1].
What is the atomic number of antimony?
Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray…
Bromine in Periodic table
Bromine element is in group 17 and period 4 of the Periodic table. Bromine is the p-block element and it belongs to halogens group.
Properties of Bromine
The physical and chemical properties of bromine element are mentioned below.
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Where is bromine extracted?
Bromine is extracted by electrolysis from natural bromine-rich brine deposits in the USA, Israel and China. It was the first element to be extracted from seawater, but this is now only economically viable at the Dead Sea, Israel, which is particularly rich in bromide (up to 0.5%).
Where did the name bromine come from?
He realised this was a new element and reported it to the French Academy, who confirmed his discovery. When they realised it was chemically similar to chlorine and iodine they proposed the name bromine, based on the Greek word bromos meaning stench.
Why are some uses of bromine declined?
While some uses of bromine have declined because the products made from it are no longer needed , others have been discouraged because of the damage this element could cause to the ozone layer. Volatile organobromine compounds are capable of surviving in the atmosphere long enough to reach the upper ozone layer where their bromine atoms are 50 times more damaging than the chlorine atoms - which are the main threat, coming as they did from the widely used chlorofluorocarbons, the CFCs. The Montreal Protocol which outlawed the CFCs sought also to ban the use of all volatile organobromines by 2010, and this restriction especially applied to the fumigant bromomethane and compounds such as CBrClF 2 which were in fire extinguishers for electrical fires or those in confined spaces.
Why is bromine used in fire extinguishers?
Organobromides are used in halon fire extinguishers that are used to fight fires in places like museums, aeroplanes and tanks. Silver bromide is a chemical used in film photography.
How was bromine extracted from sea water?
This extracted the element from sea water, which contains 65 p.p.m. of bromide, and was done by using chlorine gas to convert the bromide to bromine which was then removed by blowing air through the water. The bromine story began with 24-year-old student Antoine-Jérôme Balard.
Where did Balard discover bromine?
Antoine-Jérôme Balard discovered bromine while investigating some salty water from Montpellier, France. He took the concentrated residue which remained after most of the brine had evaporated and passed chlorine gas into it. In so doing he liberated an orange-red liquid which he deduced was a new element. He sent an account of his findings to the French Academy’s journal in 1826.
What is bromine used for?
Uses. Bromine is used in many areas such as agricultural chemicals, dyestuffs, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and chemical intermediates. Some uses are being phased out for environmental reasons, but new uses continue to be found. Bromine compounds can be used as flame retardants.
Where did Bromine come from?
Löwig isolated bromine from a mineral water spring from his hometown Bad Kreuznach in 1825. Löwig used a solution of the mineral salt saturated with chlorine and extracted the bromine with diethyl ether. After evaporation of the ether, a brown liquid remained.
What are the two isotopes of bromine?
Bromine has two stable isotopes, 79 Br and 81 Br . These are its only two natural isotopes, with 79 Br making up 51% of natural bromine and 81 Br making up the remaining 49%. Both have nuclear spin 3/2− and thus may be used for nuclear magnetic resonance, although 81 Br is more favourable. The relatively 1:1 distribution of the two isotopes in nature is helpful in identification of bromine containing compounds using mass spectroscopy. Other bromine isotopes are all radioactive, with half-lives too short to occur in nature. Of these, the most important are 80 Br ( t1/2 = 17.7 min), 80m Br ( t1/2 = 4.421 h), and 82 Br ( t1/2 = 35.28 h), which may be produced from the neutron activation of natural bromine. The most stable bromine radioisotope is 77 Br ( t1/2 = 57.04 h). The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 79 Br is electron capture to isotopes of selenium; that of isotopes heavier than 81 Br is beta decay to isotopes of krypton; and 80 Br may decay by either mode to stable 80 Se or 80 Kr.
What is the role of bromide in sea life?
The role of biological organobromine compounds in sea life such as algae has been known for much longer. As a pharmaceutical, the simple bromide ion (Br −) has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide salts were once a major medical sedative, before replacement by shorter-acting drugs.
What are binary bromides?
Nearly all elements in the periodic table form binary bromides. The exceptions are decidedly in the minority and stem in each case from one of three causes: extreme inertness and reluctance to participate in chemical reactions (the noble gases, with the exception of xenon in the very unstable XeBr 2 ); extreme nuclear instability hampering chemical investigation before decay and transmutation (many of the heaviest elements beyond bismuth ); and having an electronegativity higher than bromine's ( oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, and chlorine ), so that the resultant binary compounds are formally not bromides but rather oxides, nitrides, fluorides, or chlorides of bromine. (Nonetheless, nitrogen tribromide is named as a bromide as it is analogous to the other nitrogen trihalides.)
How much bromoform is released in the ocean?
The oceans are estimated to release 1–2 million tons of bromoform and 56,000 tons of bromomethane annually. An old qualitative test for the presence of the alkene functional group is that alkenes turn brown aqueous bromine solutions colourless, forming a bromohydrin with some of the dibromoalkane also produced.
How is bromine produced?
It is produced on a large scale by direct reaction of bromine with excess fluorine at temperatures higher than 150 °C, and on a small scale by the fluorination of potassium bromide at 25 °C. It is a very vigorous fluorinating agent, although chlorine trifluoride is still more violent.
What is the element br?
edit. | references. Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine.
Where did bromine come from?
From the Greek word bromos, stench. Crystal Structure. Base Centered Orthorhombic. History. Carl Jacob Löwig discovered bromine in 1825, while still a chemistry student at Heidelberg University, Germany. Antoine Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine in 1824. He finally published his results in 1826, ...
What is bromine used for?
Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines and sanitizers. Potassium bromide is used as a source of bromide ions for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film. Bromine is also used to reduce mercury pollution from coal-fired power plants.
How many protons does bromine have?
Bromine is a chemical element with atomic number 35 which means there are 35 protons and 35 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Bromine is Br.
What is the lightest element on the periodic table?
With a standard atomic weight of circa 1.008, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.
How many protons does phosphorus have?
Phosphorus is a chemical element with atomic number 15 which means there are 15 protons and 15 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Phosphorus is P.
How are the chemical properties of a solid, liquid, gas, and plasma determined?
The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. The number of electrons in each element’s electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior. In the periodic table, the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number Z.
What is the temperature of nitrogen?
Liquid nitrogen (made by distilling liquid air) boils at 77.4 kelvins (−195.8°C) and is used as a coolant.
What is the most common type of boron?
There are over 100 different borate minerals, but the most common are: borax , kernite, ulexite etc. Natural boron consists primarily of two stable isotopes, 11B (80.1%) and 10B (19.9%). In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B.
Where is beryllium found?
Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust . The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease in some people called berylliosis.
Introduction to Bromine
The element bromine is a dark red liquid with a noxious odor – one of the only two liquids at room temperature on the periodic table. Chemically, it is very reactive, and is never found pure in nature.
Ten Interesting & Fun Facts about Bromine
Bromine is one of only two elements to be liquid at room temperature, the other being mercury; it is the only nonmetal to exist as a liquid
Bromine in the Periodic Table
Bromine, element symbol Br, has an atomic number of thirty-five. One can find bromine, a halogen, in the p-block, group 17, particularly in period 4. Bromine is between chlorine and iodine, and has reactivity between the two. Bromine’s electron configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5.
Toxicity of Bromine
Bromine is incredibly toxic to living organisms and is absorbable through inhalation, consumption, or physical contact. Bromine attacks and corrodes human tissue. In larger doses, bromine can harm the general nervous system, neurotransmitters, or genetic material. Bromine vapor is also an irritant.
Bromine in the Environment
Humans have introduced more bromine into the environment than is naturally occurring, which is harmful to the environment as well as people. When bromine compounds are used in disinfectants in farms or gardens, surface run-off can lead to the accumulation of bromine in natural rivers, ponds, and lakes.
Physical Properties of Bromine Element
The element bromine is a reddish-brown oil liquid, which is rarely found in its pure form in nature. Its vapor pressure is 168 torr, and it fumes readily.
Where can I buy Bromine?
Pure bromine is more difficult to come by, and can most easily be found on chemical and equipment distribution sites such as Cole Parmer. Bromine tablets, which contain the bromide ion and are used in pool sanitation, can also be found in most superstores or home-improvement stores, such as Walmart or Home Depot.
Introduction
Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and Astatine (At) are the five elements that make up the halogen group of the periodic table. In Greek, 'halos' means sea salts, ‘genes’ means born.
Occurrence and Extraction of Bromine
Bromine is the 47th most prevalent element in the earth's crust, with a concentration of 2.5 ppm by weight. It's mostly found as bromides in seawater, mineral springs, and deposits. It was discovered in 1826 by A J Balardin, who used chlorine to purify the mother liquid left behind after the crystallisation of NaCl from sea water.
Physical Properties of Bromine
The physical properties of Bromine and the other halogen congeners can be compared using the table below:
Chemical Properties of Bromine
Bromine is less reactive than chlorine but more active than iodine, and it reacts with a wide range of metals, non-metals, and compounds. For oxidising, bleaching, and disinfection, bromine aqueous solutions are utilised. The following are some instances of its oxidising properties:
Occurrence
Physical Characteristics
- Bromine is liquid at room temperature. It is reddish brown in color. It has a very unpleasant, pungent and choking smell. It is the only non-metallic element that is present in liquid form at standard temperature and pressure. Bromine readily evaporates (very volatile) in the form of reddish colored gas. It is part of the halogen family and is the third lightest member of this group…
Chemical Characteristics
- Bromine is highly reactive element. It is more reactive than iodine and less reactive than chlorine. Bromine is a strong oxidizing agent. Bromine forms simple compounds with hydrogen bromide. Bromic acid is a strong acid. Bromine form oxides with oxygen, bromine monoxide and bromine dioxide, but they are quite unstable. Handling and transportation of bromine needs caution and s…
Significance and Uses
- Compounds of bromine are used as fire retardants.
- Bromine is used as catalyst in the manufacturing process of organic chemicals. Various organo-bromo compounds, such as dibromoethane was used in the manufacturing of leaded gasoline. Organo-bromine...
- Bromine is used in making photographic film.
- Compounds of bromine are used as fire retardants.
- Bromine is used as catalyst in the manufacturing process of organic chemicals. Various organo-bromo compounds, such as dibromoethane was used in the manufacturing of leaded gasoline. Organo-bromine...
- Bromine is used in making photographic film.
- Bromoethane is used as pesticides to remove pests from houses (fumigation) and farms.
Health Hazards
- Bromine in is elemental form is highly hazardous and corrosive. An exposure to a dose of 3 ppm bromine is considered dangerous to life and health. Inhalation of bromine gas can lead to irritation of nose and eyes. Prolonged exposure can cause shortness of breath, coughing and choking that can lead to death. Chronic exposure to bromine can lead to permanent damage to the lungs an…
Isotopes of Bromine
- There are two naturally occurring isotopes of bromine, bromine-79 and bromine-81, having a relative abundance of 51% and 49%. There are twenty-four radioactive isotopes of bromine, with mass number ranging from 68-94. The most stable radioactive isotope of bromine is bromine-77 .
Overview
Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is the third-lightest halogen and is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825) and Antoine Jérôme Balard (in 1826), its n…
Properties
Bromine is the third halogen, being a nonmetal in group 17 of the periodic table. Its properties are thus similar to those of fluorine, chlorine, and iodine, and tend to be intermediate between those of the two neighbouring halogens, chlorine, and iodine. Bromine has the electron configuration [Ar]4s 3d 4p , with the seven electrons in the fourth and outermost shell acting as its valence electrons. Like all halogens, it is thus one electron short of a full octet, and is hence a strong oxidising age…
History
Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Balard, in 1825 and 1826, respectively.
Löwig isolated bromine from a mineral water spring from his hometown Bad Kreuznach in 1825. Löwig used a solution of the mineral salt saturated with chlorine and extracted the bromine with diethyl ether. After evaporation of the e…
Chemistry and compounds
Bromine is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine, and is one of the most reactive elements. Bond energies to bromine tend to be lower than those to chlorine but higher than those to iodine, and bromine is a weaker oxidising agent than chlorine but a stronger one than iodine. This can be seen from the standard electrode potentials of the X2/X couples (F, +2.866 V; Cl, +1.…
Occurrence and production
Bromine is significantly less abundant in the crust than fluorine or chlorine, comprising only 2.5 parts per million of the Earth's crustal rocks, and then only as bromide salts. It is the forty-sixth most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is significantly more abundant in the oceans, resulting from long-term leaching. There, it makes up 65 parts per million, corresponding to a ratio of about one b…
Applications
A wide variety of organobromine compounds are used in industry. Some are prepared from bromine and others are prepared from hydrogen bromide, which is obtained by burning hydrogen in bromine.
Brominated flame retardants represent a commodity of growing importance, and make up the largest commercial use of bromine. When the brominated materi…
Biological role and toxicity
A 2014 study suggests that bromine (in the form of bromide ion) is a necessary cofactor in the biosynthesis of collagen IV, making the element essential to basement membrane architecture and tissue development in animals. Nevertheless, no clear deprivation symptoms or syndromes have been documented. In other biological functions, bromine may be non-essential but still beneficial when it takes the place of chlorine. For example, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, fo…
General and cited references
• Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.